Education and Unemployment Essay

1. In your own opinions, suggest how you can manipulate the supply of educational opportunities as a policy variable. 2. Suggest policy considerations for the government in respect to educational expansions. 3. State the implications for international donor agencies. INTRODUCTION: Edgar Edwards and Michael Todaro argue that an investment in education past the literacy stage is an investment in idle resources. They have some good and bad arguments and below, I am going to critique their arguments critiquing their points with the help of facts, statistics and logical reason. Their main argument is that an investment in education is an investment in idle resources, since the number of unemployed has been rising as the number of people who pursue post-literacy education. ARGUMENT: The two writers have both good and not so good points in their argument against post-literacy education. Firstly, by saying that â€Å"the average level of education among the unemployed and underemployed appears to be rising, suggesting that the growing investment in educational systems is increasing an investment in idle resources†, it’s actually true. The average number of people who have pursued education higher than the primary school level, in this case, the literacy level, has been rising over the past few years. The table below shows the trends, as compiled by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and UNESCO. | 1999| 2000| 2001| 2002| 2003| 2004| 2005| 2006| 2007| Primary School| 6,078,024| 6,078,024| 5,941,610| 6,062,742| 7,159,523| 7,394,763| 7,591,528| 7,632,113| 8,229,266| Secondary School| 724,758| 762,414| 753,525| 781,601| 882,513| 926,149| 934,149| 1,030,080| 1,180,267| TOTAL| 6,788,858| 6,840,438| 6,695,1335| 6,844,343| 8,042,036| 8,320,912| 8,525,677| 8,662,193| 9,409,533|. | 2003| 2004| 2005| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| Enrolment in University| 82,100| 91,500| 92,316| 112,229| 118,239| 122,847| 177,735| From the table, we can see that as from 2002 when the government introduced free primary education, the number of children enrolled in school sky rocketed, and so did the number of people who got the chance to attend secondary school. Edwards and Todaro also argue that â€Å"rapid expansion of formal education beyond literacy levels without constructive efforts to create meaningful employment opportunities is likely to generate political as well as educational unrest†. This is so because the number of people graduating from our universities is higher than the number of jobs being created in any specific year. Politics plays a big role in the educational sector, since the MP’s are the decision makers and moreso because the corrupt few reduce the funds available for development, or more funds are directed to developed areas rather than to the marginalised so as to help them develop. According to the book â€Å"Education and development in Africa†, it’s stated that so as to improve African countries, it’s not only the provision of education that matters, but also the quality of it. This is a determinant in the levels of unemployment, since those from well-off schools are regarded in higher esteem, as compared to those from schools that are not known for academic excellence, even though both candidates have the same credentials. This results in the candidate from a renowned school getting a job, while the other candidate misses out, creating unemployment. Unemployment is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ while underemployment is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Cathy Come Home Text Analysis

Cathy Come Home English text analysis †¢ What was the purpose of the text and who was the target audience? The purpose of the text is to inform the reader about what the film is about. It uses words like ‘documentary’, ‘social issues drama’, ‘docudrama’. In the first line of the text it impresses upon the readers the importance this film played in changing the social-economic viewpoint of the viewers. â€Å"First broadcast by the BBC in 1966, it was a pivotal in the launch of the housing charity Shelter, and instrumental in changing the law regarding homelessness. The target audience for the text would be adults, with a certain level of education and social/ political awareness possibly someone of middle class background as Jon Fortgang uses mostly sophisticated language such as polemical and inexorable. The sentence structure is quite long and complex as well. †¢ Comment on the writer’s style and language technique. The langua ge used by Jon Fortgang is mostly formal and the sentence structure and paragraphs are quite long and sophisticated. There are some parts of the text that is informal such as â€Å"rough and ready documentary†, â€Å"With baby on the way, money is tight. This is done so as to relate to his readers. The first two sentences and the last three sentences of the review are emboldened to emphasis importance of the text, he also uses positive adjectives such as powerful and pivotal. He also lets his readers know that the film is â€Å"One of the most important British works ever, and is then reinforced again in the second to last paragraph of review and relates and how the issues covered in the film can be related to what is happening today. List at least 3 facts given in the review. – First broadcast in 1966, it was pivotal in the launch of the housing charity Shelter and instrumental in changing the law regarding homelessness. – Directed by Loach before he made the transition from TV to cinema. – It is written by Jeremy Sanford and is acted by Carol White and Ray Brooks. †¢ Identify at least 3 opinions given and comment on the language used. – â€Å"A milestone in British film making and still one of Loach’s most direct and watchable works. Issues and characters are carefully balanced, Sandford’s writing is credible and intelligent and the intervening decades has done nothing to lessen the films impact. † – â€Å"If a film is measured by its impact on the real world then ‘Cathy Come Home’ surely ranks as the among the most important British works ever. † – â€Å"Seen by a quarter of all Britons at the time of its broadcast, this is a powerful but also easily digestible social issues drama and perhaps the saddest aspect of the film is its clear and continued relevance. † The language used in these opinions are all positive adjectives impressing upon the reader just how powerful and influential this film was at the time of its screening. Although some of it cannot be proven fact such as â€Å"Seen by a quarter of all Britons at the time of its broadcast. † This would be impossible for him to know about unless he had actual statistics that told him the viewing figures for that time. Summarisation of ‘Cathy Come Home’ in 100 words Directed by Ken Loach, ‘Cathy Come Home’ is a powerful docudrama dealing with a young family’s descent into homelessness. The story follows a young couple Cathy (Carol White) and Reg (Ray Brooks) who decide to set up home together. Cathy soon falls pregnant with their first child and money soon becomes a problem. Unfortunately Reg has an accident costing him his job. It is this catalyst which causes the family to lose their home. Moving from one place to another they struggle to survive. With tensions rising between the couple, the family is forced to split up, possibly for good.

Disability Management Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disability Management Program - Assignment Example Supervisors in any organization face various challenges regarding the size of the work unit, timely delivery of project and employee motivation. Illness and injuries are the most common reasons that an employee shows for absenteeism. The main challenge for an employer is to manage the absenteeism so that the departmental goal can be achieved timely and the cost of project execution can be minimized. The disability management program focuses on preventing the cause of absence due to illness, disability, and injury. Cooperation and respect need to be promoted among supervisors, employees and unions to create a successful disability management program. There are various steps to be followed to build a successful disability management program. These steps include building a team-based management; developing a framework, obtaining resources etc. Disability management program has an extended effect on various levels of the organization. It could be beneficial to the employers, employees, union and health care providers. Active participation of each and every team is necessary as it ensures the proper work execution in the workplace and it also ensures benefits for the employers and employees. Disability management program helps employers to manage cost and to improve benefits for employees by creating more cooperative, productive and safe workplace. This program also helps the employer to reduce the cost of recruitment and training and reduce the time and cost of employee turnover. A well-designed disability management program enables employers to reduce compensation cost of workers’ and it helps them to reduce accidents in the workplace. Disability management program helps employees to generate awareness about all the cost of injuries and sickness.

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Comparison - Essay Example have a wider scope than the question in the study by Potter. The question in the study by Colbert et al. relates to personality and leadership while the inferred question in Potter’s study narrows down to emotional aspects of personality and leadership within educational set ups. University students at Masters and undergraduate levels formed the population in the study by Colbert et al. Stratified sampling strategy was used to sample 80 Masters students, in leadership and personal development program, and 98 undergraduate students in a preliminary management course. Random approach was also used in assigning participants to groups. Population sample in the study by Potter was however general. Sampling strategy identified two groups, leaders and non leaders, and this suggest application of stratified sampling, as was applied in the study by Colbert et al. Sample size in the study by Potter was however small, incorporating only eight participants, four leaders and four non leaders (Colbert et al., 2012; Potter, 2011). Colbert et al. sought to investigate the hypothesis that self-rating and observer rating offer a better measure of the relationship between personality and leadership and results support the hypothesis. With relationships between leadership and personality traits evaluated using both self rating and observer ratings, the study identified extraversion under observer rating as the most significant personality trait in explaining differences in leadership. Openness to the experience, under self-evaluation, and openness to experience, based on observer ratings, then followed in significance to leadership. In addition, active participation in group discussions improved the relationship between personality traits and leadership. The results are based on different statistical analysis tools such as regression analysis, chi-squared test for independence, and representation rely on

Economic issues for a country in Africa Annotated Bibliography

Economic issues for a country in Africa - Annotated Bibliography Example They further stated that the nation’s credit ratings have been decreased by both S&P and Moody’s rating agencies and this has happened for the first time since the apartheid ended. S&P stated that they have decreased their ratings as a feedback to the strikes and the uncertainty of the political conditions of South Africa. The article further asserts that a huge part of the workforce and in accordance to the findings of the Deutsche Bank, 30% of the total mining workers are at strike. The Bank has even made a calculation of decline in the GDP that is targeted to decline by 2.5% if the strikes continue. The mining industry happens to be the backbone of South Africa and it is a huge producer and exporter of minerals such as palladium and platinum. These strikes pose a very significant issue to the economy of South Africa as the 50% of the exports gained by South Africa are backed by mining industry. These strikes are not only impacting the nation in a negative manner, the effect has been experienced by nations that import minerals from South Africa as an example of Anglo American company has been stated that has experienced reduction in production as a result of these strikes. South Africa’s strikes in the mining sector has increased concerns for people all over the world as these strikes have entered different areas of mining such as coal, gold and metal. The most interesting point of this article is that issues that are caused in one nation do not only impact the nation in a negative manner, they even impact other nations around the globe. For example: in this article the strikes conducted by the South African miners have negatively impacted industries that acquire minerals and commodities from South Africa. If the South African strikes continue to exist, they will not only impact the South African economy, they will

Threats and Challenges of Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Threats and Challenges of Walmart - Essay Example When Mike Duke took over as Chief Executive Officer in 2009, he faced more challenges from the inside and the outside. In 2009, Lee Scott announced his retirement from the company he had reined for years. During Lee’s stint, he overcame internal and external foes by transforming the company and dragged it â€Å"into the 21st century from its clannish roots† (Kapner, 2009). Under Mike Duke, Wal-Mart has a new strategy of doing business with the public and with its suppliers: it wants to sell and deliver environmentally friendly products and serve the public with the least environmental impact that it could have and do. Moreover, Wal-Mart wants to transport the products from suppliers so that it could cut costs and save more for its stores (Burritt, et al., 2010). Vice-president for corporate transportation, Kelly Abney, says that with lower costs they would have increased sales. The strategy is to take over transportation service from companies that produce the goods – Wal-Mart believes it could do it more efficiently while allowing the companies just to produce the goods for them. In this sense, manufacturers would pay Wal-Mart for the transportation through lower wholesale prices. More savings means more sales for Wal-Mart and low prices for the customers. Wal-Mart had done this before and saved $200 million by packing and scheduling efficiently its fleet of trucks (Burritt, et al., 2010). With the new strategy, Wal-Mart can use contractors and its own vehicles in picking up products directly from manufacturers’ facilities. Wal-Mart can save more time in delivery with this new strategy. The problem in this new strategy is the economies of scale that it will create. According to Randy Huffman, a former Wal-Mart executive, the move will have an adverse reaction on other manufacturers, but this will be beneficial on the part of the customers.

Critically assess the implications of Social Contrant Theory (SCT) for Essay

Critically assess the implications of Social Contrant Theory (SCT) for relations between the individual and state - Essay Example overnment and state in the current times, and provides a strong justification of the limitation of the power of the state against the citizens, and the corresponding authority of the people to establish a government that will serve the common good and embody the people’s ideals and aspirations. Thomas Hobbes’ political philosophy of social contract theory is outlined in the hypothetical State of Nature. In his Leviathan published in 1651, he articulated on a particular theory of human nature that gives a rise to a particular view of morality and politics (Gauthier 1988). He rejects the theory of Divine Rights of Kings, indirectly refuting Filmer’s claim that a king’s authority is invested in him by God, enjoys an absolute authority, in which the basis of political obligation lays in an individual’s obligation to obey God absolutely. Hence, this theory of Filmer, which Hobbes rejects in his social Contract theory, states that political obligation is subsumed under religious obligation (ibid). Rather, Hobbes argued that obligation and political authority are dependent upon the individual’s self-interests of members of society who are taken as equals of the others, with no single individual given an absolute authority to rule over the rest, while at the same time, poses that if society is to survive, the Monarch (Sovereign), must be given absolute authority (Baier 1994). Hobbes describes the human being as exclusively self-interested and reasonable, possessing the rational capacity to pursue his dreams as maximally as possible. He argues that man’s reason does not evaluate their given ends; rather it merely finds the way to the things Desired, describing rationality as purely instrumental (ibid). It is from these premises that Hobbes is able to construct a provocative and compelling argument for why individuals would tend to be willing to submit themselves to a political authority. He explains this through his discussion of the State of Nature, in which

The basis of scientific research in pharmacy or biomedical sciences Essay

The basis of scientific research in pharmacy or biomedical sciences - Essay Example Specifically, the field of biomedical research is one of the sectors that have caused highest number of controversies and ethical issues due to its direct relation with human race and its environment. In the result, theorists and experts (Mepham, pp. 23-39, 2006) have come up with different approaches and methods to resolve issues in decision-making process related to ethical conflicts. In this regard, Ethical matrix (Mepham, pp. 23-39, 2006) is one of the analytical tools of applied ethics that enable individuals, organizations, etc to analyze and scrutinize any issue, in order to come up with a consensus based on ethical understandings. Analysis of ethical matrix has indicated that it has been very beneficial in the establishment of a basic structure needed especially in the field of biosciences and biomedical research. In particular, Ethical matrix resolves the issue by focusing on two components/categories: a set of principles and a list of agents/stakeholders. With the first cat egory of principles, Ethical matrix reemphasizes the significance of principles of morality that allows the decision-maker to come to a decision in an ethical manner. On the other hand, the other category gives value and importance to stakeholders and their opinions (Deane, pp. 51-57, 2009) regarding different biomedical or scientific procedures and processes that play a critical role in coming up with the most efficient ethical decision with the consensus of all the stakeholders. In order to understand the ethical matrix usable for human volunteers in biomedical research, it is essential to comprehend the first category in detail. In particular, ethical matrix has identified three principles that revolve around the notion of respect for â€Å"wellbeing, autonomy, and fairness† (Deane, pp. 62-68, 2009), which then integrate with second category of the matrix: interests of the stakeholders. Analysis has pointed out that few ethical theories have played crucial role in creation of the ethical matrix: â€Å"utilitarianism (wellbeing), deontology (autonomy), and utilitarianism-deontology (fairness)† (Deane, pp. 51-57, 2009). From this aspect of ethical matrix, one can observe pluralism of its theoretical framework that indicates the wide-ranging applicability of the ethical matrix that is one of the major reasons of significance of ethical matrix in biomedical sciences and scientific research. Now, the discussion will include an example of utilization of ethical matrix in one of the biomedical issues that will be efficient in its understanding in a broad manner. The issue is regarding an innovative research in the field of biomedical research that has indicated the possibility of implantation of a chip in all the citizens that will enable the healthcare organizations to record health history of individuals in their individual electronic chips in their bodies. This will eliminate need of all the paperwork, as healthcare provider will only be scanning chips to know about individual’s health and will then be uploading updated information after the treatment for future purposes. This innovative technology

SHORT ANSWER ONLY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SHORT ANSWER ONLY - Assignment Example An example is the perception by the United States of America to be superior to other nations in terms of its economic and military might. This is manifested by their incursion in the Middle East. This is the principal that all customs, beliefs and ethical standards of a particular group are relative to its own interpretation and other groups should understand them in that groups perception (Cahoone, 2005). Thus no culture should perceive itself to be superior to another when comparing their structure of religion, politics, language or rule against another group. This concept is important to guard against biased judgment by anthropological researchers in taking field notes on an ethnic group to which they don’t belong. Hence your cultural identity should not portray you as ethnocentric in your final reporting of a culture (Cahoone, 2005). An example is the Chinese people who eat dog meat. In my culture, dog is considered as a pet. It is my conviction therefore to appreciate them in impartiality even though I might hold a controversial opinion. This is a perspective used by anthropologist mostly in cultural anthropology to study a society’s cultural system. Emic perspective is culture specific. It focuses on the inherent cultural distinctions that are significant to members of a given culture. This concept is paramount as it guides researcher against subjective opinion while embarking on a cross-cultural study (Liu, 2001). Hence the members of a society are the solitary judges of the legitimacy of an emic description. It gives major credence to local viewpoints. An example of emic is specific definition of a marriage. For instance, polyandry practiced in some societies is viewed as normal. This a process by which a person adapts to and assimilates the culture in which he lives in. He or she becomes a successful member of the society by practicing its accepted norms and values. It is a lifelong process learned through

Are Entrepreneurs More Happy than Others Entrepreneurship and Research Proposal

Are Entrepreneurs More Happy than Others Entrepreneurship and Happiness - Research Proposal Example m and they remain inspired despite the fact that they can make less income than people who are employed, additionally, they work more hours, and deal with a lot of stress compared to employed people (Baron and Shane, 2007). Secondly, it is important to focus on this particular topic in order to establish if indeed people who are employed are not as equally as happy as entrepreneurs are and if so, establish the source of the unhappiness despite the fact that they face fewer challenges and they are certain about the future. According to the theory presented by Abrams (2012), happiness is interlinked with motivation and therefore a person who is motivated is equally happy but this argument present a research gap in the sense that motivation are derived from factors such as money or incentives, financial security, and conducive working environment that is stress free. Therefore, factors that create motivation are not equally the factors that create happiness since it is argued that entrepreneurs are usually happy but at times, they make much less than people who are employed. Consequently, it will be critical to identify how happiness is measured or factors that determine the level of happiness. According to Naude (2012), there has been a significant increase in the cases of suicide amongst European entrepreneurs mostly during the recent economic crisis that largely affected the region since there was an erosion of social protection because of the fiscal austerity measures that had been implemented by various governments. Such a case further question how happiness is measured since it is stated that entrepreneurs are naturally happier despite the fact that at times they make less, face more challenges and uncertainties. However, it is noted this case scenario that during crises entrepreneurs become unhappy to the extent of committing suicide while it had earlier been stated that entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated by money and always prefer challenges posed

Linking Aristotles virtue with character Essay Example for Free

Linking Aristotles virtue with character Essay Aristotles virtue ethics is often considered to be founded on character such that an individuals character defines his or her virtues. It is important to note that Aristotle gives emphasis to the idea that virtue is acquired through habit. In this regard, it can be presumed that there is a connection between character and virtue in the context of Aristotles philosophy. This is especially interesting to look into precisely because human beings think and act at least in terms of ones consciousness or idea of ethics, specifically through ones moral precepts. If it is indeed true that individuals think and act in ways related to ones moral inclinations in their daily lives, then it is a strong reason to contend that virtue and character are all the more important elements in the life of humanity. The point that I would like to raise—and agree with Aristotle—is the idea that our habits, the way in which we do things on a regular basis, form a large sum—if not all—of our character. And since character builds our very virtues, it can be presumed that the things that we do on a regular basis define our virtues. That is, if we continue to harbor the bad or evil elements in the society, then it is most likely the case that our character develops into something bad or evil. In the end, there will be little or no room for us to acquire virtues. The task of this assignment is to identify what is the connection between character and virtue in the context of Aristotle by providing Aristotles description of how we acquire virtues and why choice is an important component of these virtues. In the Book III of Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics, I found out that one basic notion in Aristotelian ethics that occupies a central significance is Aristotle’s belief in the role of man’s activities in order for one to acquire ethical knowledge. That is, for one to become virtuous or to obtain virtues one should not merely confine himself to mere studying of these virtues but rather one should, more importantly, actualize this knowledge of the virtues. Thus, for one to become good, one should do good. I also found out in the same work of Aristotle the doctrine of the mean. The essence of this doctrine dwells on the basic precept that one ought to avoid the extremes and, instead, settle for the â€Å"mean†. The actions of men, more specifically, ought to be framed upon the â€Å"mean† which is the virtue. For example, the virtue of courage rests on the mean between two extremes: cowardice or the â€Å"lack† of courage, and rashness or the â€Å"excess† in courage. All of these things answer the central question being asked, specifically the identification of the connection between virtue and character. For the most part, the thought of the acquisition of virtue requires a form of a good act which, when constantly repeated or enacted on a regular basis, forms the character of the individual. The individual should not only be inclined towards a theoretical understanding of these good acts but should also be inclined to enacting them, of living them on purpose and free will. It is not enough that the individual should simply live the theoretical perspectives of doing good acts for it does not suffice to forming the character of the individual. Moreover, these good acts are founded on the principle of the mean wherein the individual is supposed to be acting not within the extremes but between these extremes because they are the evils. Hence, character is connected to virtue through ones good—or middle—actions performed habitually. I figured out that Aristotle implies the idea that man is indeed a social being in the sense that one cannot sufficiently do good without the presence of other people. That is, without other people to whom our good deeds will be enacted to, our actions may hardly be conceived as good in the first place precisely because we may only be helpful if there are people to help, we may only be kind if there are people to whom we will be kind, or we may only be loving if there are other people to love just to name a few. Of course, my thoughts may be unacceptable to other people for they may also have their own thoughts about the ethics of Aristotle. But more to this, I figured out that those people who surround us have a large role in the formation of our character. Social isolation does not give room for the moral development of an individual. On the other hand, I have arrived at a question concerning Aristotles virtue ethics, especially with his doctrine of the mean. Exactly how are we to know when we are acting in the middle such that we avert from the extremes or the vices? Granted that we may be able to identify the vices that we should avoid, when can we say that we are truly in the middle path? How can too much knowledge be a vice or an evil when Aristotle gives a substantial account and importance to knowledge? While there may still a handful of questions that may have been left untouched, it can hardly be doubted that our actions share a significant role in defining our characters as human beings. Whether or not an individual believes in virtue ethics or in morality in general, it remains a fact that our actions have consequences to us and to other people. Reference Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Martin Ostwald. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1962.

Deforestation The Causes Effects And Controlling Techniques Environmental Sciences Essay

Deforestation The Causes Effects And Controlling Techniques Environmental Sciences Essay As we all know that fires, urbanization, and other infrastructures from the main causes of deforestation. Also we All know that living organism in this ecosystem was facing or will suffering from deforestation impact directly or indirectly through other environmental issues that happen because of deforestation. Therefore , in the next few papers we will illustrate to the seriousness and the importance of this problem depending on statistics ,pictures, studies and articles that published on books and internet websites. Introduction Is it right that our planet is under threat of climate changing? It is true that it is related to deforestation? What will happen if we didnt solve this problem? All of these question will be answered in this research. which will give you more information about deforestation, its causes, impacts, some statistics and how we could take people attention to the climatic change and prevent their actions on deforestation to save our planet. The cutting of forests or the destruction of the forests is called deforestation. deforestation term is called in cases that human-induced it or due to the forces of nature as well, so Human are mainly responsible for the destruction. Deforestation for need humans has cut down trees since they first appeared. In modern times the human needs was not limited on food , and shelter, but it surpassed it into weapons ,paper, furniture, paved roads, entertainment places and housing. So, Thousands upon thousands of acres of forest have disappeared worldwide to fill our appetite for wood and land. Deforestation for Profit The governments are often poor and the land is more valuable to large corporations than used for conservation and tourism. for this reason ,in poor countries Governments gives permits and licenses to those who have the money to buy the land and make their money. The activity of Deforestation is a way of making a living, through selling timber , and using the land for growing crops or grazing herds or to provide land for homes and businesses. As you can see in (Figure 1) that companies ,attract and involve the native people who are exist in the forest when they conduct this business. figure : Book: William P. Cunningham, 1990: Environmental Science A GLOBAL CONCERN. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. Raising Consciousness Undoubtedly the reason that makes people more aware than ever of the effects of deforestation as more and more people become affected by climate change and extreme weather events which is the most important consequences resulting from deforestation. All of that would make human think of stopping or reduce deforestation activities for maintaining our atmosphere, slowing global warming , protecting us from floods, and ensuring a reliable and sustainable suppliers of natural resources . Body What is Deforestation? Deforestation is the clearing or removal of trees from an area of woodland or forest for many differing reason usually commercial  [1]  . And it also defined as the destruction of a forest and changing the use of the land  [2]  . Causes of Deforestation There are many different causes for deforestation and they vary widely from location to location. As it is known most of deforestation cases happen by human practices. And this idea is true , but also there are some natural causes leads to deforestation such as : firs, natural disasters(floods). Agriculture and Cattle-Raising The expansion of cattle-raising has also been promoted by the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, as well as through tax incentives and has been closely linked to land concentration  [3]  . Cattle expansion in the Amazon in the last twelve years has been phenomenal. During this period, the number of cattle more than doubled, from 26million in 1990 to 57 million in 2002. In the process it has gone from representing 17.8% of Brazils total cattle herd to almost one third (see table 1). Table 1:INTERNET: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) www.ibge.gove.be The phrase described how the rapid growth of beef exports from Central America to fast food chains in the United States was driving deforestation.  [4]   Dams and Megaprojects Usually the rivers that extend to thousand hectares or more in the forest have the greatest chance to implement of major infrastructure works , such as building dams for obtaining hydroelectric energy like what happen in Xingu river. It is estimated that nearly all the Amazon forest will be destroyed during the first half of this century if the present trends are increased with the implementation of major infrastructure works in the region.  [5]   Mining In many tropical areas mining is a major cause of deforestation and forest degradation, generating a large number of social and environmental impacts. A recent study published by Third World Network-Africa provides a detailed picture of those minerals in the Wassa West District of Ghana. The main minerals being mined in Ghana are gold, diamonds, bauxite and manganese, but the most dominant mineral commodity is gold.  [6]   Effects of Deforestation Deforestation is a problem with unlimited effects. Environmental problems: Hydrological Studies show that 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and evaporates to keep the weather nice and moisture, therefore if trees are cut down it will cause into drier climate. Another important hydrological impact of deforestation is that the soil capacity to store water is affected negatively because after deforestation , litter and other organic residue of plants change soil properties to make it good stores of water. But that water will not stay for long time because it will affected by sun rays which will evaporate most of groundwater. Atmospheric Trees represent a thick cover that prevent the damaging sun rays. And because of deforestation ,the sun rays can deeply penetrate into the forest than before, if that happen trees will wilts and dies . Green house effect: If forest is cut down forest and replaced by vegetation with a smaller biomass per hectare, there is a release of CO2 by burning or decomposition of forest plant  [7]  .Tropical deforestation is a substantial contributor to total CO2 production by human activity ( see table 2.4). TABLE 2 :Edward I. Newman, 2000: Applied Ecology Environmental Management. global climate change: green house gases ,forest fires, and the Pollution that rapidly growing along with population . Soil Drought: Trees absorb water through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. In the Amazon, half of the water is returned in the trees. If the trees are removed, the region becomes drier because it cannot hold as much water. Mudslides and erosions: Roots are existing to prove the soil ,and by deforestation The land becomes unstable because their are no trees. therefore it causes erosion. Economical impacts: In economic terms, forests does not only provide fuel and wood for industry, but they also provide the medicinal plants , fruit trees and nuts, which is the main source of food for forest dwellers. Also The forest have a large economic and environmental benefits , it is a haven for everyone, as they provide them with a feeling of comfort and peace of mind, and give them the fresh air and gains entertainment that any industrial facilities can not provide them , and beautifully landscaped. Therefore, it provides significant economic value through tourism activity. And when governments encourage individuals to cut trees timber and exercising a certain economic activities detrimental to the environment such as set on fire which leads to over-exploitation of forest wealth and the deterioration of its condition. The consequences of these behaviors are: population migration from these areas and the emergence of the problems such as: poverty, diseases, conflict on food, unemployment. Deforestation and biodiversity: Plants diversity No one can deny that we still rely on plants or herbs in the treatment of some diseases, such as cough, constipation and some skin diseases. we will proof this by these two facts about rainforest plants : Rainforests currently provide sources for one-fourth of todays medicines, and 70 percent of the plants found to have anticancer properties are found only in the rainforest.  [8]   Two drugs obtained from a rainforest plant known as the Madagascar periwinkle, now extinct in the wild due to deforestation of the Madagascar rainforest, have increased the chances of survival for children with leukemia from 20 percent to 80 percent.  [9]  (See figure 2)which is Madagascar periwinkle plant. Figure2: Book: William P. Cunningham, 1990: Environmental Science A GLOBAL CONCERN. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. Animal diversity The human species has been the direct or indirect causes of most of the extinctions, especially through habitat destruction. When Europeans first arrived in the Hawaiian islands , there were sixty-eight unique bird species. of these, forty one now are extinct, mainly because of deforestation to create pineapple and sugarcane plantations, resorts, and cities  [10]  . Fish diversity In this aspect we illustrate that removing forest to build government projects, such as roads and dams, could protect threatened habitat. In the 1960s the Tennessee valley authority (TVA) announced intentions to dam the little Tennessee river for power , flood control, and recreation. opponent fought against this project for years, arguing that the dam was not needed , the cost was too high, the payback was too low, and it destroyed valuable forest , wildlife habitat, native American archeological sites, and recreational, historic, and scenic values. It was revealed that the only known habitat of small paperclip-size fish called the snail darter (percina tanasi) (figure 3) would be destroyed if the river valley was flooded  [11]  . D:Documents and SettingsAll UsersDocumentsMy PicturesSample Picturessnail.jpg Figure 3: Book: William P. Cunningham, 1990: Environmental Science A GLOBAL CONCERN. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. How to Stop Deforestation We know that , stopping deforestation activity definitely not an easy task, but to reduce the impact of rapid spread of deforestation in previous years and to increase consciousness rate we suggest people to : * Try to use the paper more than once. For example, use both sides of paper. * put the paper in recycling paper box. *Use e-mails to aware your friends about impact of deforestation. *Aware about type of wood and avoid the tropical hardwood, such as ebony and rosewood. And make sure the manufacturer can guarantee that the hardwoods were harvested from agro forestry plantations. Also we Suggest government to: *Create law to deforestation: by making law that cutting trees from forests become a crime punishable by law. *Encouraging companies: that working in reforestation by decrease taxes for them and try to give them all help to increase number of those companies. * using selective timber -cutting instead of clear- cutting: because in selective cutting, foresters remove desirable tree species ,like deformed trees to get rid of them. * posting fire danger warnings and sponsoring television and radio announcements  [12]  . *reducing demand on wood by: using thinner saw blades in saw mills, which reduce the kerf ,and improved machines that do a better job of processing logos for plywood along with a host of other technologies. special training for workers could also help reduce wood waste  [13]  . *Farming: is a New methods are being developed to farm more intensively, such as high-yield hybrid crops, greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and hydroponics. to keep balance between rates of farming and deforestation  [14]  . Conclusion Forests are a source of beauty, food, medicines, also its highly responsible in keeping and sustaining global ecosystems. It is also the home of more than half of all creatures and organisms in this planet. On the other hand we also gain other benefits by deforestation . For example: building the communities, residential houses, factories, and roads ; to be more suitable for the growing numbers of population. By Deforestation we can also convert the forest land to productive land for agricultural uses. As a result, we and all the other creatures on this planet suffer greatly from the consequences of deforestation. So deforestation should be stopped at any cost, especially the illegal cutting of trees. By increasing the government laws and punishment ,and increasing Perception and awareness among people which may leads us to gradual disposal of deforestation. References Books: Edward I. Newman, 2000: Applied Ecology Environmental Management, Second Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd, England. William P. Cunningham, 1990: Environmental Science A GLOBAL CONCERN. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. William Mary Ann,2009, Principles of Environmental Science(Inquiry Application), Fifth Edition, Mc Graw Hill, New York. Internet: Effect of deforestation, ENTERNET: GREEN LIVING,. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) www.ibge.gove.be Issue Number 85 August 2004:World Rainforest Movement, . Center for International Forestry Research, http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/media/Amazon.pdf>. WRMs bulletin N ° 67, February 2003, World Rainforest Movement, . INTERNET: WRMs bulletin N ° 41, December 2000, World Rainforest Movement, . Rain Tree, . Ask, . Index Content Page Abstract 2 Introduction 2-3 Body What is Deforestation? 3 Causes of Deforestation Agriculture and Cattle-Raising 4 Dams and Megaprojects 5 Mining 5 Effects of Deforestation Environmental problems: 5-6 Economical impacts: 7 Deforestation and biodiversity: 7-8 How to Stop Deforestation 9 Conclusion 10

Syrian Refugees in Canada and Cosmopolitanism

Syrian Refugees in Canada and Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism, Global Citizenship, and Syrian Refugees in Canada Introduction Canada, as a nation, pledged globally to take in 25,000 Syrian refugees before February 2016 with this initiative being ongoing (Government of Canada, 2017). This policy has left the nation divided on Canada’s roles and responsibilities within the global community. While there has been extensive media attention drawn to the United States of America’s recent problematic policies pertaining to immigration and security, the global community has been led to believe that Canada is a progressive and accepting nation. However, a study conducted in 2016 by the Angus Reid Institute and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation found that Canadians aren’t as accepting and globally conscious as the Federal Government’s rhetoric has led global citizens to believe. This study found that 79% of Canadians felt that priority should be given to Canada’s own economic and workforce needs over the prioritization of people in crisis abroad (Proctor, 2016). Furthermore, 68% of Canadians believed that minorities should do more to fit in with mainstream Canadian/American society (Proctor, 2016). As both of these polls reveal strong nationalistic ways of thinking, the cosmopolitanism and global citizenship of Canadian citizens may be debated. As cosmopolitanism is the ideology of all human-beings being a part of a global community, having a shared set of morals, rights, and mutual responsibilities; such poll results encourage the exploration of the varying challenges and limitations of globalization. With the global community and global events continuing to become more interlinked due to market deregulation, climactic events, security instability, and transportation technologies; an increased emphasis needs to be placed on the duality of cosmopolitanism with individuals being encouraged to situate themselves within a global setting. It is through elaborating on this ideology that the contrast between centripetal geopolitical forces towards and the opposin g centrifugal forces that have deeply divided geography and history may be challenged.   Cosmopolitanism, Globalization, and Global Citizenship The ideology of cosmopolitanism has continually evolved throughout time, being debated as to the nature of its affiliation with globalization, nationalism, privilege, and global citizenship. As it was first theorized in Ancient Greece, cosmopolitanism was viewed as a manner in which an individual’s loyalty lay not solely with the state or the relationships of kin and community, but with a universal shared identity – furthermore, becoming a ‘citizen of the universe’. This ideology of one belonging to a global community, as opposed to a nation-state has been discussed and debated across various works, with each theorist contributing to the narrative of what cosmopolitanism is and how it is subsequently linked to nationalism. With cosmopolitanism and nationalism occurring concurrently, the manner of scale in which each exist has been examined and evaluated. With global interactions becoming increasingly interconnected due to neoliberal policy and shared markets, the relation between individual, state, and identity has been increasingly discussed over the past two decades. It is due to such recent institutional structures and change that scholar Pheng Cheah argues that cosmopolitanism is dependent and sustained by the state or institution. As Cheah views current institutions to have a global reach in their regulatory function, she further theorizes that power is embedded within regulation and that political consciousness or solidarity is dependent state functions, of which can be further influenced by the individual. Her writing further builds upon the theories of Immanuel Kant who initially viewed cosmopolitanism as having four central modalities. These pillars of cosmopolitanism included: (1) a world federation as the legal and political institutional basis for cosmopolitanism as a form of right; (2) the historical basis of cosmopolitanism in world trade; (3) the idea of a global public sphere; and (4) the importance of cosmopolitan culture in instilling a sense of belonging to humanity. However, while several of Kant’s theoretical foundations are still applicable today, the majority of his work does not yield answer for current global circumstances. Due to his work originating in the 18th century, his ideologies were unable to reflect upon the current globalized state of cosmopolitanism. As Kant believed that state had a fundamental role in the moral-cultural education of its citizens, his work did not take into account the individual agency and the violence imposed on various groups- further limiting the notion of global citizenship. Such ideologies of cosmopolitanism being dependent on the state are further contested in the works of fellow cosmopolitan theorist Keely Badger. As her work in response to Kant highlights the ethnic, religious and racial conflicts that continue to degrade life quality, human rights and freedom – she highlights that cosmopolitanism is based on an individual’s education and their feelings of obligation to mankind, free of external government or temporal power. Contrary to the formalized structures presented by Cheah, Badger views cosmopolitanism as being dependent on conversations across boundaries of identity – including national, religious or other; further allowing for an evolving cosmopolitan worldview. Furthermore, Badger emphasizes human plurality of being of the highest value, as well as, through discrediting state violence. Her work continues to further call cosmopolitanism to be centered upon a need for the toleration of the beliefs of others and what one may fail to understand. This notion of individual agency is also agreed upon and addressed in Cheah’s work, as she addresses cosmopolitanism in respect to the relation between cosmopolitanism and nationalism. Due to Cheah highlighting a distinction between the normativity of morality and that of cosmopolitan right, she argues that cosmopolitanism is not identical to moral freedom but is merely an institutional vehicle for its actualization. While this indicates that cosmopolitanism is not necessarily opposed to nationalism, her writing shows that solidarity associated with cosmopolitanism is not affiliated with national character. Therefore, her view of cosmopolitanism is not opposed to nationalism but to absolute statism. While both articles present the limitations to nationalism and the potential violence that has resulted from nation-state tendencies, Cheah and Badger call for the role of non-government organizations (NGOs) to fill a leadership role in our agglomerated world. Both authors theorize that such organizations have a role to administer international cooperation, economic development, international law, and human rights. However, the authors discuss potential limitations of such organizations, of which can be exemplified in Badger’s critique of the United Nations and how the organization walks a fine line between exercising its governance power and working within the confines of conflicting sovereignties. While the work of Cheah does not mention grass-roots initiatives, Badger’s article goes on to call for the need of grass-roots NGOs to combat the rampant neoliberal capitalism that has propagated globally since the 1990s. However, she further theorizes that this manner of overcoming neoliberalism can only be sustained through continual consciousness transcending and overcoming the constraining rhetoric presented by nationalism/statism driven by corporations, as well as nation states. Therefore, it is suggested that cosmopolitanism is distanced from the state and nationalistic identification, as cosmopolitanism from below via normative and politically oriented forms of social action are determined to be more powerful in cultivating a shared cosmopolitan consciousness. Nevertheless, this argument is challenged within limitations of Cheah’s writing as she questions who is privileged as being cosmopolitan and how are transnational underclasses or marginalized groups limited from participating in such ideologies and what constitutes as legitimate solidarity. As the works go onto later agree that social and political movements are needed to challenge nationalistic thinking through the use of non-violent institutional groundings and uprising in attempt to disrupt political loyalties, allegiances, and group identities. Such anarchic ideologies of social disruption are later discussed in the work of Badger, as she highlights the potential usage of social media and the Internet for physical mobilization of cosmopolitan resistance, as well as, facilitating uprisings from below. Such examples in the writing included anti-sweatshop campaigns, democratic revolutions, and shifting conscience of the global community. As both Cheah and Badger discuss the anarchistic nature of cosmopolitanism, this ideology is further built upon in the work of Graham Maddox. As he initially highlights cosmopolitanism’s love for mankind and the rejection of state imposed thinking- his writing contrasts the work of the other author’s, stating that ‘the [average] cosmopolitan’ is a pacifist at heart. His work goes on to challenge the previous writing of Cheah and Badger, highlighting that while the global population has become more interconnected due to globalization- this may have resulted in the rise of nationalistic ideologies and xenophobia. His writing goes on to exemplify this concept by highlighting the prominence of global terrorism and the impact this has had on minority populations in Australia. As global consciousness has the potential to make people nervous and resentful, there may be a shift from cosmopolitan thinking often resulting in increased xenophobia with vulnerable groups becoming scape goats for the public to inflict violence upon.   Similar to the work of Cheah, he addresses the role of capitalism and neoliberalism in relation the power struggle with corporate or nationalistic power often prevailing, resulting in the will of the people receding – addressing the masculine nature of Western dominant thought and hegemony. While Maddox’s work address cosmopolitanism in Australia, a nation that has followed a similar colonial narrative as Canada – his work has tied in closely to fellow theorist, Jean-Francois Caron. While the work of Caron agrees with the other theorists that cosmopolitanism can be seen as a superior to national patriotism in regards to the inclusion, she highlights that this idealistic moral posture of cosmopolitanism has no chance of replacing national identities. As she highlights that while national identities are not static and remain intangible throughout time, it is through national narratives and collective mentalities that circumstances are challenged and limits are reinterpreted. Similar to the work of Maddox her work highlights Canada’s cosmopolitan worldview in relation to the nation’s colonial history, adding that it was a distrust of American culture and a sense of ‘moral superiority’ that led to Canada’s national rhetoric being reinforced. While she highlights the nation’s identity as being inherently anti-American, she also gives praise to Canada’s sense of multiculturalism – stating it as a success story, contrary to other countries where such diversity often results in violence. This is later exemplified as she goes on further proclaim that immigrants coming to Canada are welcomed to society and that inter-racial marriage serves as a benchmark for Canada’s openness. However, her thoughts in relation to Canada’s rooted cosmopolitan nature can be challenged due to this work being problematic, failing to account for the complexities of multiculturalism, the experiences of minority individuals, and the continued need for Canada to be more globally consciousness and welcoming of foreigners. The shortcomings and complexities presented within the work of the four cosmopolitan theorists can be further exemplified and expanded upon through an evaluation of Canadians society’s worldviews and realities in relation to the intake of Syrian refugees. As Canada is proclaimed to be one of the most multicultural and globally conscious nations in the world, it is necessary for Canadians to reflect inward to question how we situate ourselves globally, as well as to critically examine the ‘#refugeeswelcome’ initiative. Syrian Refugees in Canada The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that 960,000 refugees are currently in need of resettlement in a third country (Martin, 2016). These are refugees who, according to the UNHCR, can neither return to their country of origin nor integrate into their country of first asylum (Martin, 2016). Together, the international community has committed to resettle around 80,000 refugees each year with Canada resettling approximately 10% of this total (Government of Canada, 2017). The Canadian government’s current goal is to resettle between 8% and 12% of all refugees (Government of Canada, 2017). Several factors contributed to the Canadian public’s initial response to the Syrian refugee crisis, including public outcry for support following the death of Ayan Kurdi, a Syrian child who drown while travelling by boat from Turkey to Greece a child of a family that had been refused resettlement to Canada; and, the 2015 national election serving as a platfo rm for all prime ministerial candidates to debate the ideology of  accepting refugees openly. Similar to the ideologies relating to media and the Internet presented in the article of Badger, this serves as an example of how cosmopolitan media has resulted in public conscientiousness and outcry. However, this also exemplifies the limitations of global citizenship presented by Maddox and Cheah as to how migration has become a political issue with bureaucrats, policy makers, and citizens (in a limited manner) determining who can and can’t be a citizen of a country or the world. At this time, Canadian citizens also wanted the federal government to match the rhetoric of Canadian identity as compassionate, openly engaged in the international community and open to newcomers.   The newly elected government’s commitment to resettle Syrians was primarily driven by the momentum of the election, and later by the need to demonstrate the new government’s capacity to swiftly implement promises. It is through this shift in political being that Cheah’s theory of the state being made up of the citizens may be illustrated due to the majority of Canadian voters presenting more liberal or globally conscious values. The Canadian government further committed to resettling more than 25,000 Syrian refugees specifically between November, 2015 and February, 2016 with commitments extending into 2017 (Government of Canada, 2017). To date, a total of 40,081 Syrian refugees have resettled across 350 Canadian communities since the initiative was first introduced in 2015 (Government of Canada, 2017). Of these Syrian refugees 21,876 are Government Assisted, meaning that the government will provide the refugee (and their family, if applicable) with accommodation, clothing, food, assistance finding employment, and other resettlement assistance for one year or until they are able to support themselves (Government of Canada, 2017). A further 3,931Syrian refugees were resettled as Blended Visa-Referred Refugees, being selected by the UNHCR with further support being provided by the federal government and private sponsors (Government of Canada, 2017). The remaining 14,274 Syrian refugees are privately sponsored (Government of Canada, 2017). While the number of privately sponsored refugees has increased over recent years the Canadian government has decreased the number of Syrian refugees that are privately sponsored, further limiting the number of refugees allowed to resettle in the country. It is through this permissive nature of allocating the number of citizens Canada allows within its borders, that the notion of cosmopolitanism is challenged by nationalism. As the world is theorized to be interacting on a global scale, the use of borders, immigration, and political discourse pertaining to the acceptance or bigotry towards Syrian refugees remains problematic. This connects with both Badger and Cheah’s theories as this highlights the role government plays in regulating global citizenship and movement. Through disallowing privately sponsored refugees into the country, this top-down approach challenges the bottom-up outcry and mobilization to increase the number of refugees coming into the country. While the government presents the ‘#refugeeswelcome’ rhetoric, through limiting the number of total refugees permitted into the country this representation of ‘welcoming’ may be challenged in a cosmopolitan context. With matching and arrival times between the initial phase of the program from November 2015 to February 2016 being quick, an unrealistic expectation for private individuals or groups waiting to be matched with a new coming refugee family has resulted (Marwah, 2016). Now that the target of 25,000 Syrian Refugees has been met, the process has significantly slowed down, leaving various parties on a waiting list to provide sponsorship (Marwah, 2016).   Other groups that were matched in this process have still been waiting for refugees to arrive, with some groups being stuck with empty rented apartments, have wasted resources, and are struggling with the sponsorship morale (Marwah, 2016). Additionally, further challenges exist keeping sponsors engaged and motivated as they may not be matched until the end of the year (Marwah, 2016).  This can be associated with the article of Karen Badger as her theology highlights the need for individual consciousness and a conscious civil society. Through citizens being disallowed from sponsoring a refugee, this may potentially discourage sponsorship and result in a reduction of ‘cosmopolitan thinking’ – further encouraging ‘the pacifist’ theorized by Graham Maddox. While there is a need for the Canadian Government to articulate the complexities and the timing of a resettlement initiative of this scale, this process of refugee intake needs to be re-evaluated. With complex decision-making and political structures being overseen increased communication among partnering agencies, as well as, further patience and commitment to support refugees is needed.   There is also a need for Canadian society to reflect upon the nature of which the country accepts refugees. While there is a stark difference between the services and preconception of Syrian and non-Syrian refugees, there is a need for increased attention as to the dualistic nature of the acceptance of refugees. Primarily this difference can be seen as Syrian refugees who arrived after the Liberal government came to power do not in contrast to refugees of other nationalities and previous Syrian refugees have to repay the government’s travel loan which enabled their journey to Canada (McMurdo, 2016). While the theory of Caron highlights a multicultural nation, full of welcoming and accepting individuals (as opposed to the USA), this does not accredit the challenges refugees may face upon re-settling. This may be related to this two-tiered system of refugee intake, as the nation ‘being cosmopolitan’ was quick to respond to the Syrian ‘crisis’ yet was not ‘globally conscious’ as to the needs and backgrounds of past refugees. Furthermore, while non-Syrian refugees have arrived with debt and hundreds of cases to slowly make their way through the resettlement process, some Syrian refugees have been expedited and arrived in Canada with special treatment, loan free (Marwah, 2016). By putting forward a helpful and empathetic view towards the Syrian population, the government has effectively created two classes of refugees, disregarding fairness and equality towards all marginalized refugee groups. Others, including the private sector and social services have followed suit in offering various benefits to newly arriving Syrians to Canada. Yet, this welcome has the effect of making invisible any other refugees (Marwah, 2016). With the recent terror attacks throughout the world, and the resulting rhetoric of islamophobia, the initiative to resettle Syrians to Canada has become an increasingly debated topic among Canadians. Similar to the work of Maddox, this notion of uncertainty, fear, and xenophobia have been present in Canada in regards to the intake of refugees. Due to security in the resettlement processing has becoming a point of public contention, the Liberal government has shared and updated regular information/data to ease the fears of Canadian citizens.  However, this has not limited the number of hate crimes and racist violence imposed on minority groups (refugee or not). As the nation fears uncertainty, and has been negatively influenced by media portraying terroristic events abroad, the way Canada situates itself within the global setting could become more conscious and aware of the limitation of such thinking. Also, disappointingly, settlement services in Canada have not yet received the same support from the government as was offered in physically resettling the refugees to Canada (McMurdo, 2016). With a huge and rapid influx of refugees, settlement services have been stretched beyond capacity, without sufficient resources to adequately address the refugees’ needs, or the time to invest in additional fundraising (McMurdo, 2016).   As a result of the scale of arrivals, enrolling the refugees in language classes and/or schools and allocating housing, along with other basic services has proven challenging (McMurdo, 2016). Certain refugees have been staying in temporary accommodation for weeks longer than usual (McMurdo, 2016). The private sector and civil society have played an active role in responding to the needs of the thousands of Syrian arrivals and to fill this gap (McMurdo, 2016).   Further training is needed for professionals to support this specific group of people and their varied needs, particularly government-assisted refugees, who have greater needs and vulnerabilities (McMurdo, 2016). Therefore, like the works of the theorists discussed in the earlier half of the paper, there is a need for civil consciousness and the support of non-government organizations and community groups to implement the services government falls short of providing. Through this anarchistic nature of cosmopolitanism and overall shared responsibility of our fellow countrymen (and women) or ‘global neighbours’, the limitations of nationalism and neoliberal globalization can be continually contested and reframed. By allowing individuals to take ownership of their behaviours on a domestic and international scale, the cosmopolitan revolution may continue to occur, further limiting the nationalistic fear and xenophobia shift the globe may current be seeing.   Conclusion As the global population continues to be more interlinked, the theology of cosmopolitanism will continue to change and be reframed through future years. While it may seem that the ‘global citizen’ is being challenged ‘the most’ in recent years due to shifts towards nationalistic thinking and hate crimes increasing, the potential for globally conscious, aware citizens needs to be promoted. While this may be best done at a grass-roots, individualistic level – the potential for positive change may result. With the rhetoric surrounding Canadians and Syrian refugees might not being as ‘accepting’ as the government wants the nation to perceive it to be, increased education and interaction between Canadians and our newest refugee citizens (Syrian or not) yields the potential to break down the barriers of nationalism, further preventing ‘us’ from seeing the benefit of diversity and acceptance. Bibliography Badger, K. (2015). Cosmopolitanism and Globalization: A Project of Collectivity. Caron, J.-F. (2012). Rooted Cosmopolitanism in Canada and Quebec. National Identities, 14(4), 351–366. http://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2011.616954 Cheah, P. (2006). Cosmopolitanism. Theory, culture & society, 23(2-3), 486-496. Government of Canada. (2017). #WelcomeRefugees: Key Figures. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/welcome/milestones.asp Maddox, G. (2015). Cosmopolitanism. Social Alternatives, 34(1), 3. Martin, S. F. (2016). Rethinking Protection of Those Displaced by Humanitarian Crises. TheAmerican Economic Review, 106(5), 446-450. Marwah, S. (2016, Summer). Syrian refugees in Canada: lessons learned and insights gained. Ploughshares Monitor, 37(2), 9+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/ps/i.do?p=CPI&sw=w&u=uvictoria&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA459227943&asid=4c7546bee52ffbb9988d6f7497ecf8c7 McMurdo, A. B. (2016). Causes and consequences of Canadas resettlement of Syrian refugees. Forced Migration Review, 1(52), 82-84. Proctor, J. (2016). CBC-Angus Reid Institute poll: Canadians want minorities to do more to fit in. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/poll-canadians-multiculturalism-immigrants-1.3784194

Grandpas Mind :: Dialogue Essays

Grandpa's Mind As I pulled into my parents' driveway, I realized how loud the radio was. I turned it down, peeled my legs off the blue vinyl seat, and lugged my pile of laundry up to the front door. The doorknob wouldn't turn and I still hadn't gotten around to making myself a duplicate key. I rang the bell and waited. Nothing. Leaving my basket of dirty clothes on the steps, I tramped through the bushes in front of the living room window. Pep was across the room sitting in his usual chair and reading the paper. He was a familiar sight in his plaid flannel shirt, striped clip-on bow tie, and tweed cabby hat. I knocked on the window. He turned around, startled, and focused his eyes on me. I smiled and waved at him, but he just stared at me. I gestured toward the front door. His face had that hollow look, but something made him get up and let me in. "Hi, Pep." I kissed him on the cheek. He made way for me and my laundry. "Hello, how are you?" I headed for the washing machine. Pep trailed closely behind. "Kevin and Clare aren't home, but they should be here soon. Do you want to wait for them?" "Yah, I'll be here." I began separating whites from darks. "Do you want anything to eat? There's meat and bread in the ice box and some cookies in there." "No thanks." "I don't know where Kevin and Clare are. They took Katie out somewhere. Do you know Katie?" I paused. Here we go. This was going to be one of those conversations. I should just say, "Why, yes, I know Katie." But perhaps if I venture a bit further, something might jog his memory and we wouldn't have to go through the whole routine. Dad says that Pep has a tape recorder in his brain, and bits and pieces keep getting erased. I decided to give it a shot.

How to Structure an Argument :: Process Esays

How to Structure an Argument Audience and purpose guide a writer’s selection of what structure to use for his/her argument. To satisfy the audience’s needs, certain organizational concepts have developed. The common types of arrangements below are in no way discrete and usually do not occur in isolation. They do create a sense of structure for the reader and the writer. Chronological: sequence-oriented, usually based on time. For example, â€Å"First A happened, then B, then C.† This structure works well for recipes, instructions, lab reports, and possibly narratives. Order of importance: you can order your points hierarchically and present them in either ascending or descending order of importance; however, the former approach is rarely effective—don’t save the best for last—you have no guarantee that your reader will make it to the end of your paper. Topical: this arrangement is based on subdivisions of a topic, usually either presented numerically or alphabetically. For example, â€Å"I will discuss three points: first,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Spatial: this approach uses the location of what is being discussed as its key emphasis. This arrangement is especially useful in architecture and engineering design. Cause/Effect: A causes B, or B resulted from A. â€Å"Because† is a strong signifier of this type of arrangement. The problem with this kind of arrangement is that a single cause rarely results in a single event (life is more complicated). This structure is often seen in news reports, history, and other genres in which the analyst is attempting to explain why something happened—note the past tense. Comparison/Contrast: A is like or not like B. You likely used this type of structure in your synthesis. Problem/Solution: almost any writing task you approach is one involving problem/solution. Identifying a problem is usually only part of the process; most times, you need to be able to provide some idea of a solution as well.

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Essay -- Compare Contrast Plato Confuc

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Since the early beginnings of society, in which people began living in gathered communities, there can be seen a constant progression, upon a steady time line, of the increased order of the organization of society. However, this is not the kind of progress that was sought by two widely known philosophers and teachers, Plato and Confucius. The kind of social reform and alteration displayed in the teachings and writings of both of these men, examine a movement from societies viewed as chaotic and barbaric toward societies consisting of gentleman, practicing prescribed values, morals, and actions. Confucius and Plato both emphasized a moral conduct that went above and beyond the socially accepted norms of their times. Despite the concentration on these factors in Chinese and Grecian cultures, the progress attempted by both of these philosophers was not achieved by their own standards within their own societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several common themes running through the primary work of compiled sayings attributed to Confucius: emphasis on gentlemanly conduct, pursuit of humbleness among fellow man, and a search for a proper ruler who is in accordance with â€Å"the Way.† Running throughout the entire book of â€Å"The Analects†, Confucius makes reference to many characteristics that a gentleman should possess. Even beginning in the first chapter of Book One, Confucius is attributed with saying, â€Å"Is it not gentlemanly not to take offence when others fail to appreciate your abilities?† Other characteristics Confucius attributed to gentlemanly conduct include studying the rites and â€Å"The Odes†, humbleness, lack of desire for places of position, unbending in moral conduct, and many other factors. By laying out a basis upon which a gentleman should act, Confucius establishes a standard to measure the quality of all men. Setting a standard implies that there are men above and below this set, desired point, and the word standard also indicates a measure of quantitative or qualitative value. By creating such a standard, Confucius is immediately able to begin causing social reform and progress. However, this progress, though achieved through concentration on social values, never reaches the capacity to which Confucius desires it to reach. Several sayings within The Analects indicate that Confucius is unable to see an accumulation of all desire... ...ty is tentative. It proves to reason that a society guided by high morals will have a progress. However, to assume that all corruption will be removed simply by placing leadership in office that adheres to the high standards fails to recognize the flaw in man that Plato and Confucius both obviously see: man is in need of progress towards civil order. From the beginning, man is already viewed as degraded and morally corrupt. The society will progress because progression of society has been the natural order since the beginning of civilization. It is the quality and moral standing of this progress that is in question. Using Plato’s method of progression, it can be seen that society is not progressing, but rather being led blindly down a road. Progression implies the acquisition of knowledge upon a continuous path. Keeping men under order through ignorance, and elevating those with morally upright actions only serves to further isolate and expand the gap between the men posse ssing knowledge of civil order and those merely following it out of service to a defined path. A false sense of progress is created, while the majority of society remains ignorant of why to be humane and civil.

Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay

The basic economic problem of scarcity refers to the situation in which finite factor inputs are insufficient to produce goods and services to satisfy infinite human wants. It is incontrovertible and irrefutable that all societies face the basic problem of scarcity due to limited resources and unlimited wants. Scarcity makes it necessary for us to make the most of what we have. In trying to obtain the highest level of satisfaction from available resources, good or rational choices have to be made. The concept of choice applies to all decision-making units. We are continually uncovering new wants and demands. Scarcity implies that not all of society’s goals can be pursued simultaneously, as the many different kinds of resources (production factors) are available only in limited amounts. The various factors of production refer to the inputs used in the production of goods and services. They are divided into four broad categories: land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship. Labour refers to human effort-physical and mental-which is directed to the production of goods and services. Normally the labour force of a country consists of everyone of the working age (14-64), and this form of resource is largely dictated and governed by the demographic distribution within the country (or any other geographical entity), and is therefore restricted by dependency ratio. Land refers to all the productive resources supplied by nature, and various aspects of such a form of resource are limited and exhaustible. Capital is a man-made resource used in the production of goods and services, which includes machines, tools, and buildings. The production capacity of a country therefore, is dependent on the amount of capital the country possesses. Entrepreneurship is a human resource that is separate from labour. An entrepreneur is one that performs the functions of organizing and managing the factors of production, of innovating new products and ways of production and he takes the risks of being in business. Without entrepreneurship, virtually no business organisation can operate. However, such a form of human resource depends on amount of talented people capable of generating innovative ideas. It is generally understood that the self-interested nature of economic agents compels them to make rational decisions and choices to maximise utility and  welfare. The basic assumption of Economics is that all decision-making units make rational choices. Rational choices maximize the well-being of economic agents. Rational choices are made by different decision-making units to maximize different objectives. To obtain the highest level of satisfaction, a rational decision must be made. This decision has to be an optimal one. Assuming rational behaviour on the part of decision-making units, this optimal choice must be the one that chooses the most desirable alternative among the possibilities that the available resources permit. These decision-making units include household, firms and the government. The figure above shows a PPC (production possibility curve). A production possibility curve is a graph that shows the maximum attainable combinations of output that can be produced in an economy within a specific period of time, when all the available resources are fully and efficiently employed, at a given state of technology. The PPC is a economic framework that can be used to illustrate concepts of scarcity, choices and opportunity costs. All the points on the PPC represent productive efficient levels of production. Scarcity is illustrated, therefore, by the unattainable combinations outside the PPC as well as the fact that society has to choose between combinations of the two goods as resources cannot be used to produce all at the same time, and the combinations of goods (such as amount od capital and consumer goods in the case of the PPC above) the economy eventually chooses depends on its priorities). The downward (negative) sloping gradient of the PPC also illustrates the concept of opportunity cost. To choose to have more of one good means having to give up some of the other good, given that the limited resources have been fully and efficiently employed (increased output of one product in turn causes the out put of the other product to fall due to limited resources and scarcity) Economic agents employ several analytical tools to make rational choices. They take into account the opportunity costs and often make decisions based on the marginalist principle. Every time a choice is made, an opportunity cost is incurred. Opportunity cost refers to the real cost in terms of the next best alternative that has to be forgone, and it arises due to the fact that the resources available to meet the unlimited wants are limited so that not all of the wants can be fully satisfied. An economic agent, therefore, has to make a decision based on his current priorities and sacrifice the next best alternative. Economics, as mentioned before, is about making rational/optimal choices. Economic choices are made at the margin. The margin is the edge or border where we must decide whether to take one more step or to produce one more unit of a particular good or whether to use one more unit of a particular resource. Rational decisions are made at the margin involve weighing up marginal costs and marginal benefits. Generally, economic agents are compelled to continue producing a particular type of good until the marginal cost is equals to the marginal benefit (ie the production of one additional unit would mean that the marginal costs would outweigh the benefits). In conclusion, due to the fact that resources are high limited, all societies face the problem of scarcity and hence have to make decisions like a household does. A society has to decide what and how much to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. Firstly, the society must decide what goods it is going to produce (and hence what not to produce). Such choices usually take the form of more of one thing and less of the other (i.e. it needs to choose the composition of total output. Secondly, most goods can be produced by a variety of methods, and a society must decide on the methods of production to be adopted. Thirdly, the total output needs to be distributed among members of the society, and the society therefore needs to consider how it can distribute its goods. Therefore, we can conclusively assert that the basic economic problem of scarcity compels economic agents to make rational decisions (such as choosing the composition of total output) to maximize total profit and to comply with their current priorities.

Ideological Film Analysis Essay

Social inequality and inequity are rampant cases that can be depicted on the status quo. These actually act as perpetrators of intractable crimes in our social milieu. These are indeed the catalyze for the spread pf communicable disease in the society—-disparity. And even in the game of love, these have been proven to be the barrier that creates a greater disparity among the social statuses of our society. From the film entitled Wedding Crashers, the above-mentioned scenario was clearly exemplified. Having the fact that the two guys, who act as the wedding crashers, are commoners and the family of the girls they are eying for belong to the alta sociedad, the difference between the two becomes visible. When the two wedding crashers clashed with the daughter of a family under the â€Å"spell† of political realm, the two different worlds coincide portraying the different scenarios that truly happen in the society. The story is basically about a pair of friends who work in a law firm and were involved in various cases regarding divorce. This experience made them realize what wedding can only bring to them and doing serious about it is not their plan. Thus, the hobby of being wedding crashers become the outcome of their daily experience and seducing bridesmaids turn out to be a norm in their life. Until one day the partners in crime( Jeremy Klein and John Beckwith) bumped into the reality that not all of what they are doing will just lead them to a laugh-out-loud experience and endless cycle of seducing women. The comical life they always anticipate turns out to be a big chaos that both of them do not know how to give solution into it. Never did they imagine that a wrong party they will crush into will come along their way and make them decide to stop finally what they have planned and done habitually. The dilemma comes in when they crashed into the wedding party of the daughter of the Nation’s Secretary of Treasury and finally fell in love with two of its sisters, Gloria ad Claire Cleary- a primary rule they should never break but inevitably did. Belonging to the different â€Å"faces of the society† with different class status, political ideology, sociological   background an d points of view they are believing into, the the partners   in crime necessitate to decide whether or not they should   still fight for the what they think is right or for what everyone else dictates them to be right. Taking into consideration their routinary life of cashing into the the wedding, seducing and flirting with whoever girls will be attracted to their machismo, now being crucially involved in a family dominated by political realm, the best of friends have to made a choice whether to turn their back to what their â€Å"past life† brings them and finally embrace a new life tat is absolutely different from the one they get used to because of love. But little did they know that the past they are trying to escape from will be the hindrance that will jeopardize their   way towards pursuing their love. The film conveys the social milieu we are into: the art of seduction, the different social strata, the effectual influence of family upbringing and orientation, the dilemma between sincerity, mere attraction and plain sex, and the ambiguous disparity among working classes under the influence of politics. The film may portray a comical scenario that we do encounter in   our daily life. But that is only on the superficial part. What we do not see is the   depth of the issues behind all of the laughters and funny scenes. What we do not pay attention with is actually what we need to analyze in the movie. And what we do not hear after the jokes being cracked and humorous lined being   delivered is the true orientation of the disparity in the society. Appearance must not be regarded as the sole reality. Not all we perceive as humorous in the superficial part will still be consistent with that of the details we have not encounter yet. True, the movie is funny! To crash into a wedding just to seduce women might seem just like an ordinary scene in the society. But to crash into a wedding of a high-class family belonging to a famous political icon and fell in love inevitably to its daughter is another story. The disparity in the society surreptitiously reeks everywhere. And an effective panacea for this malady only lies in our intellectual judgment and   doing away from the superficial depiction of the reality. And of course, not just mere perceiving that humorous thing cannot encounter a dilemma brought by the social inequity.

Poet Compare/contrast Essay

John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway were drawn to different aspect of life, which was shown in their writing as naturalistic and realistic, respectively. The similarities of these two writers were primarily surface similarities- not only did they live and write in the same time period, but both also won the Pulitzer Prize for literature ten years apart from each other. Although alike in many ways, Steinbeck and Hemingway had completely different approaches to their writing. John Steinbeck had youth on his side – the passion, the child eyes, and the heart of what a true writer looks for in his writing. Hemingway had the wisdom of mind. Though Hemingway was only three years older, Steinbeck did not begin writing until at least nine years after Hemingway published his first major novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929). Throughout Steinbeck?s life he looked at the world for his inspiration. During Steinbeck?s early adult years, the world was an ugly place for a writer. What good would a writer be in a Great Depression if no one could afford to buy his books? College was not an option for his future. Getting a job, and then keeping it, was something to be worked at. Even Ernest Hemingway knew this fact of life; and soon after high school he, too, began to search for a career. Hemingway?s immediate future, during World War I, Happened to include being an ambulance driver for the Red Cross and fighting for his county. After the war he continued to write and publish till his death of self-inflicted wounds. Personal experience was the basis for the writing of both Steinbeck and Hemingway. Writing was not for love or heroes, but for capturing the story of life on paper. Appealing to the people is what made John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway the role models set forth today, and what made them the pacesetters for writing.

An Old Man’s Winter Night

An Old Man's Winter Night by Robert Frost All out-of-doors looked darkly in at him Through the thin frost, almost in separate stars, That gathers on the pane In empty rooms. What kept his eyes from giving back the gaze Was the lamp tilted near them in his hand. What kept him from remembering what it was That brought him to that creaking room was age. He stood with barrels round him†at a loss. And having scared the cellar under him In clomping there, he scared it once again In clomping off;†and scared the outer night, Which has Its sounds, familiar, like the roar Of trees and crack of branches, common things,But nothing so Ilke beating on a box. A light he was to no one but himself Where now he sat, concerned with he knew what, A quiet light, and then not even that. He consigned to the moon†such as she was, So late-arising†to the broken moon As better than the sun in any case For such a charge, his snow upon the roof, His icicles along the wall to keep; And sle pt. The log that shifted with a Jolt Once in the stove, disturbed him and he shifted, And eased his heavy breathing, but still slept. One aged man†one man†can't keep a house, A farm, a countryside, or If he can,It's thus he does it of a winter night. An Old Man's Winter Night is written by the American poet Robert Frost in 1916. He went through a lot of tragedies during the whole life. After experiencing the death his mother, his grandfather and his 2 children, the sense of helpness inevitably worked to shape and color the views of life's possibilities. It's unforeseeable for Frost to predict what will happen tomorrow so that he was called a poet who terrifies†. That's why the peotry is a mix of the calm and rural.The peaceful surface with an underlying darkness is an uncommon feature in this poetry. Symbolism Forst is representative of cold winter, â€Å"separate stars† showing hope and comfort of the mysterious and dangerous outer world at night. â€Å"ga thers on the pane†lmpersonate the forst to make the atmosphere warmer and more quiet. â€Å"cellar†, â€Å"branches†, â€Å"log fired†create some scaring sounds In the winter's night to emphasize the peaceful and lonely environment. The dark colours of these ugly and hard images snow tne repressed emotions. lamp† â€Å"Tire† make Teel warm ana peaceTul, Drlng llgnt to the dark and cold night to eliminate the feeling of scare. The poet tells us how he as â€Å"a light for no one but himself†, yet again confirms how isolated he is. Frost uses many different literary devices throughout the poem. Imagery which appeals to our sight, touch and hearing senses. Frost has used Imagery such as â€Å"In clomping there, he scared it once again† which appeals to our touch because you can almost feel how he has stomped the floor to try and frighten off the unknown.He has appealed to our hearing senses by using personification, â€Å"like the roar of trees† lets you almost hear how the trees were thrashing around on the cold winter night. Using contraries and ontradictions is another characteristic of this poetry. For example, the scaring sounds and the peaceful and quiet atmosphere make the old man feel more threaten and lonely. The warm light and fire in the room is on the contrary to the dark and cold winter to convey the scare of the unknown outer world of the old man. Also, Frost determinde to continue his old syle of using common, everday speech.It is simple to understand the superficial meaning of his poetry instead of the underlying theme. The poetry tells that an old man stands alone in his house in the middle of winter. His memory and legs crippled by old age ambles around his house without remembering who he was or even what he was doing. At one point, he becomes frightened by the cellar beneath his feet and the dark night outside, and he stomps his feet loudly to frighten away the unknown. Eventually th e old man dozes in front of the fire, after being disturbed by a shifting log, falls into a deeper sleep.The rural images like â€Å"forst† â€Å"cellar† â€Å"tree† â€Å"lamp† â€Å"moon† to convey his emotion of scaring and isolation. An Old Man's Winter Night creates a concrete view ofa lonely and amnesiac old man in the wooden house. I can see an old man who is trying to get away from the scaring environment and finally he succeed in sleeping beside the warm fire. An Old Man's Winter Night deals with the predicament of an old man who is dying on a cold winter's night. From the title of this poem, the reader might expect a warm and cozy narrative about an old man in front of a crackling fire.Frost denies this comforting expectation and instead creates a haunting narrative. What is the most scaring point is that the old man has lost his memory and it seems nonsense to exist in this world. But he still keep a house, a farm in the countryside. As to the emotion author wants to express, I think, it's relative to the life story of him. At that time, he still didn't sell his farm and enjoyed the life being a farmer in the countryside. However, the death of his children make him to imagine the future life in his old age.He is afraid that people will forget him and he will die by himself without accompanying by his children. This kind of depressed emotion influence the poem. The readers will find a poor old man struggling to prove his value to live. From my perspective, I feel merciful to the old man. He was place at the position of finding o clues to who and where he is. Maybe he is in his home but he cannot find the sense of belonging and he would like to risk for the dangers. He absolutely knows that the outer night is dangerous and he still goes out and talk to the moon.I can feel the old man is who really wants to get cares and love from other people but he cannot know what is going on. He is representative of the Frost and they are all want to escape from the scare of death and company. Obviously we can see from the poem, Frost treasured his country life and this kind of life really give him sparks in wrltlng poems mos OITTerent Trom tneme 0T otner Frosts poems, tney focus on the isolation from the modern society, on the contrary, this poem doesn's want to express this kind of meaning.http://www.studymode.com/essays/An-Old-Man's-Winter-Night-Analysis-1602199.htmlhttp://www.gradesaver.com/the-poetry-of-robert-frosthttp://www.english.illinois.edu/Maps/poets/a_f/frost/frost.htmhttp://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/frost/oldman.htmhttp://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/A_f/frost/fireice.htm

Linguistic Anthropology review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Linguistic Anthropology review - Article Example However, this focus on the identity has pointlessly restrained the scope of enquiry, thus rendering research in the area ineffective and not in a position of addressing the wider semiotic process that produces sexuality, and disseminating it in language. Nevertheless, one of the essay’s major points is to suggest that what is seen as the differentiating performance from performativity, and how those two perspectives relate to language. Moreover, the focus of this critical study is on the fact that the ‘no’ of a woman is restrained by the cultural demands and expectations of femininity (Kullick 494). The writer states that at several points in time, he noted where he thought that there are differences between a performance perspective and a performativity perspective. He however claims that there is a difference, which in his view is a critical one, which brings us back to the identity question. The difference is that while studies considered in a framework of perf ormance have a tendency to regard language in relation to identity, research designed as performative will focus more on identification. According to the writer, we find that the difference is in identity that in linguistic and sociolinguistic anthropology work is traditionally presented as a more or les cognizant claim-staking of a specific sociological position, and the identification that is concerned with the operations that constitutes the subject. The text is not so much fundamental to production of sexual case, but for materialization of a certain type of sexual instance whereby the sexual subjects produced are empowered and gendered differentially (Kullick 498). The writer states that a psychoanalytic platitude about the identifications is that they don’t make up a consistent relational system. Furthermore, they are not absolutely conscious. In contrast, identifications are merely as much structured by refusals, rejections as well as disavowals as their structuring is done by affirmations. It is essential not to fall the identification into identity as they are not the sane thing. More so, a performative linguistic phenomena approach does not begin or even end with identity. But instead, we find that a performative approach would review the process, by which some types of identifications are permitted, unmarked and legitimate, and others are not permitted, marked and not legitimate. Language, Race and White Public Space by Jane Hill The text â€Å"Language, Race and White Public Space,† is all about the issues of language and race in various societies. The construction of the story is done extensive review of the speech of racialized communities like the African Americans, Latinos and the Chicanos for linguistic disorder’s signs, and the invisibility of nearly similar signs in the White’s speeches, whereby the mixing of language that is essential for the expression of a highly rated kind of colloquial persona, takes many for ms. An example of such forms is the Mock Spanish, which shows a complex semiotics. However, by direct indexicality, speakers are presented by the Mock Spanish as having desirable individual qualities. And by indirect indexicality, it produces racializing stereotypes of the Latinos and Chicanos that are highly negative (Hill 683). Furthermore, it also explores the question of the propensity for such usages to be redesigned to undermine the racial practices’ order in discourse. According to the w